Koranens kronologi - Den lille koranvers-testen
Lakkmustesten på koranvers. Hvordan forholder islam seg til motstridende vers i Koranen?
"Det er ingen tvang i religionen", sier Lena Larsen i Islamsk Råd til NTB, og siterer et kronologisk tidlig vers i Koranen. Men det beryktede sverdverset er et av de siste sier noe annet: "Bekjemp dem og slakt dem hvor du enn finner dem."
Hvem skal du tro?
Regel om "abrogasjon: De kronologisk siste kapitlene i Koranen er de første. Senere koranvers har gyldigere over foregående. Der ett koranvers motsier et annet, så oppheves ("abrogerer") det tidligere vers av senere vers. Derfor må kapitlene i Koranen leses kronologisk bakover. (i tillegg kommer det at islam bruker hadith-ene som en ytterligere utdyping av og tolkningskontekst til Koranen).
MEN. Koranen inneholder ikke sin egen kronologi. Kapitlene er ordnet etter hvor lange de er, ikke etter den tidsrekkefølge de er skrevet. Så derfor må da først finne ut av denne konteksten - koranens kronologi.
Så hva er koranenkapitlenes kronologi?
Medina-kapitlene er skrevet etter Mekka-kapitlene
Og, ifølge nettstedet The religion of peace, er kronologien på medina-kapitlene i Koranen denne:
2, 8, 3, 33, 60, 4, 99, 57, 47, 13, 55, 76, 65, 98, 59, 110, 24, 22, 63, 58, 49, 66, 61, 62, 64, 48, 9, 5.
MAO. Hva som er gjeldende i Koranen finner du ut ved å lese deg bakover fra 5, 9, 48.... og ned til 2, (og så videre nedover i de "mekkanske" surene):
005 | 005 Al-Maeda - The Table, The Table Spread
009 | 009 At-Tawba - Repentance, Dispensation
048 | 048 Al-Fath - Victory, Conquest
064 | 064 At-Taghabun - Mutual Disillusion, Haggling
062 | 062 Al-Jumua - The Congregation, Friday
061 | 061 As-Saff - The Ranks, Battle Array
066 | 066 At-Tahrim - Banning, Prohibition
049 | 049 Al-Hujraat - The Private Apartments, The Inner Apartments
058 | 058 Al-Mujadila - She That Disputeth, The Pleading Woman
063 | 063 Al-Munafiqoon - The Hypocrites
022 | 022 Al-Hajj - The Pilgrimage
024 | 024 An-Noor - The Light
110 | 110 An-Nasr - Succour, Divine Support
059 | 059 Al-Hashr - Exile, Banishment
098 | 098 Al-Bayyina - The Clear Proof, Evidence
065 | 065 At-Talaq - Divorce
076 | 076 Al-Insan - Man
055 | 055 Ar-Rahman - The Beneficent, The Mercy Giving
013 | 013 Ar-Rad - The Thunder
047 | 047 Muhammad - Muhammad
057 | 057 Al-Hadid - The Iron
099 | 099 Az-Zalzala - The Earthquake
004 | 004 An-Nisa - Women
060 | 060 Al-Mumtahina - She That Is To Be Examined, Examining Her
033 | 033 Al-Ahzab - The Clans, The Coalition,The Combined Forces
003 | 003 Aal-E-Imran - The Family Of 'imran, The House Of 'imran
008 | 008 Al-Anfal - Spoils Of War, Booty
002 | 002 Al-Baqara - The Cow
...
Hvordan kan du så teste koranvers mot dette? Når vers som kommer før disse kapitlene, motsier budskapet i noe vers i disse medina-kapitlene, så har de ingen gyldighet i Islam. Premisset for det er at dette er den kronologien som Koranen tolkes i, i Koranene. Et annet kompliserende element er hadithene. Men der har da Koranens ord gyldighet over dem.
Så hvis premisset holder, kan du nøye deg med å lese de overstående vers bakover i angitt rekkefølge, for å forstå Islam.
Hva med koransitatene i Geert Wilders film
De fem koransitatene Geert Wilders brukte i sin film Fitna. Hvor plasserer de seg i forhold til disse - skal vi si autoritative - kapitlene i Koranen?
Kilden til sitatene fra den engelske versjonen av Geert Wilders film Fitna
Quran Surah 8, verse 60 (som sitert i den engelske versjonen av Geert Wilders film "Fitna")
Prepare for them whatever force and cavalry ye are capable of gathering.
To strike terror
To strike terror into the hearts of the enemies of Allah and your enemies
NORSK:
Bruk mot dem all den styrke og list dere kan mønstre
For å skape frykt
For å skape frykt i hjertene hos Allahs fiender og deres fiender
008.060 - USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts:
YUSUFALI: Against them make ready your strength to the utmost of your power, including steeds of war, to strike terror into (the hearts of) the enemies, of Allah and your enemies, and others besides, whom ye may not know, but whom Allah doth know. Whatever ye shall spend in the cause of Allah, shall be repaid unto you, and ye shall not be treated unjustly.
PICKTHAL: Make ready for them all thou canst of (armed) force and of horses tethered, that thereby ye may dismay the enemy of Allah and your enemy, and others beside them whom ye know not. Allah knoweth them. Whatsoever ye spend in the way of Allah it will be repaid to you in full, and ye will not be wronged.
SHAKIR: And prepare against them what force you can and horses tied at the frontier, to frighten thereby the enemy of Allah and your enemy and others besides them, whom you do not know (but) Allah knows them; and whatever thing you will spend in Allah's way, it will be paid back to you fully and you shall not be dealt with unjustly.
Quran Surah 4, Verse 56 (som sitert i den engelske versjonen av Geert Wilders film "Fitna")
Those who have disbelieved our signs, we shall roast them in fire
Whenever their skins are cooked to a turn, we shall substitute new skins for them.
That they may feel the punishment: verily Allah is sublime and wise.
NORSK:
De som tviler på våre tegn vil brenne i ilden.
Når huden deres er kokt til å flå av, vil vi gi dem ny hud.
Så de kan føle straffen. I sannhet, Allah er vis og klok.
004.056 - fra USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
YUSUFALI: Those who reject our Signs, We shall soon cast into the Fire: as often as their skins are roasted through, We shall change them for fresh skins, that they may taste the penalty: for Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.
PICKTHAL: Lo! Those who disbelieve Our revelations, We shall expose them to the Fire. As often as their skins are consumed We shall exchange them for fresh skins that they may taste the torment. Lo! Allah is ever Mighty, Wise.
SHAKIR: (As for) those who disbelieve in Our communications, We shall make them enter fire; so oft as their skins are thoroughly burned, We will change them for other skins, that they may taste the chastisement; surely Allah is Mighty, Wise.
Quran Surah 47 Verse 4 (som sitert i den engelske versjonen av Geert Wilders film "Fitna")
Therefore, when ye meet the unbelievers,
Smite at their necks and when ye have caused a bloodbath among them
Bind a bond firmly on them
NORSK:
Derfor, når dere møter de vantro,
hogg dem i nakkene deres og når dere har laget et blodbad iblandt dem
bind dem fast
047.004 - fra USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
YUSUFALI: Therefore, when ye meet the Unbelievers (in fight), smite at their necks; At length, when ye have thoroughly subdued them, bind a bond firmly (on them): thereafter (is the time for) either generosity or ransom: Until the war lays down its burdens. Thus (are ye commanded): but if it had been Allah's Will, He could certainly have exacted retribution from them (Himself); but (He lets you fight) in order to test you, some with others. But those who are slain in the Way of Allah,- He will never let their deeds be lost.
PICKTHAL: Now when ye meet in battle those who disbelieve, then it is smiting of the necks until, when ye have routed them, then making fast of bonds; and afterward either grace or ransom till the war lay down its burdens. That (is the ordinance). And if Allah willed He could have punished them (without you) but (thus it is ordained) that He may try some of you by means of others. And those who are slain in the way of Allah, He rendereth not their actions vain.
SHAKIR: So when you meet in battle those who disbelieve, then smite the necks until when you have overcome them, then make (them) prisoners, and afterwards either set them free as a favor or let them ransom (themselves) until the war terminates. That (shall be so); and if Allah had pleased He would certainly have exacted what is due from them, but that He may try some of you by means of others; and (as for) those who are slain in the way of Allah, He will by no means allow their deeds to perish.
Quran Surah 4, Verse 89 (som sitert i den engelske versjonen av Geert Wilders film "Fitna")
They but wish that ye should reject faith
As they do, and thus be on the same footing as they,
So take not friends from their ranks until they flee in the way of Allah
But if they turn renegades, seize them and kill them wherever ye find them
And take no friends or helpers from their ranks
NORSK:
De ønsker kun at dere forlater troen
som de selv gjør det og således blir som dem
Så bli ikke venn med noen av dem før de kommer til Allah
Men hvis de blir desertører, grip dem og drep dem hvor du enn finner dem
og ta ingen til venn eller hjelper fra deres rekker
004.089 - fra USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
YUSUFALI: They but wish that ye should reject Faith, as they do, and thus be on the same footing (as they): But take not friends from their ranks until they flee in the way of Allah (From what is forbidden). But if they turn renegades, seize them and slay them wherever ye find them; and (in any case) take no friends or helpers from their ranks;-
PICKTHAL: They long that ye should disbelieve even as they disbelieve, that ye may be upon a level (with them). So choose not friends from them till they forsake their homes in the way of Allah; if they turn back (to enmity) then take them and kill them wherever ye find them, and choose no friend nor helper from among them,
SHAKIR: They desire that you should disbelieve as they have disbelieved, so that you might be (all) alike; therefore take not from among them friends until they fly (their homes) in Allah's way; but if they turn back, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them, and take not from among them a friend or a helper.
Quran Surah 8, verse 39 (som sitert i den engelske versjonen av Geert Wilders film "Fitna")
Fight them until there is no dissension
And the religion is entirely Allah's.
NORSK:
Kjemp mot dem til de overgir seg
Og religionen alene er Allahs.
008.039 - fra USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
YUSUFALI: And fight them on until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah altogether and everywhere; but if they cease, verily Allah doth see all that they do.
PICKTHAL: And fight them until persecution is no more, and religion is all for Allah. But if they cease, then lo! Allah is Seer of what they do.
SHAKIR: And fight with them until there is no more persecution and religion should be only for Allah; but if they desist, then surely Allah sees what they do.
Interessant at Geert Wilders ikke har tatt med sverdverset, 009.005:
YUSUFALI: But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, an seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.
PICKTHAL: Then, when the sacred months have passed, slay the idolaters wherever ye find them, and take them (captive), and besiege them, and prepare for them each ambush. But if they repent and establish worship and pay the poor-due, then leave their way free. Lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.
SHAKIR: So when the sacred months have passed away, then slay the idolaters wherever you find them, and take them captives and besiege them and lie in wait for them in every ambush, then if they repent and keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate, leave their way free to them; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.
Hva betyr uttrykket "the forbidden months"? Er det noe som gjelder fremtiden eller gjelder det nå?
Fra Wikipedia Annulling intercalation: "The three successive forbidden months mentioned by Muhammad (months in which battles are forbidden) are Dhu al-Qi'dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Muharram, thus excluding an intercalary month before Muharram. The single forbidden month is Rajab. These months were considered forbidden both within the new Islamic calendar and within the old pagan Meccan calendar, although whether they maintained their "forbidden" status after the conquest of Mecca has been disputed among Islamic scholars."
Kilde: Vold i Koranen